Addressing livestock’s negative externalities through policy reform

Industrial livestock systems generate 14.5% of global greenhouse gas emissions and exacerbate land degradation, deforestation, and water pollution. Meanwhile, poor animal health and welfare practices contribute to the rise of zoonotic diseases and antimicrobial resistance, posing grave public health risks.

These environmental and health concerns highlight the urgent need to transform livestock systems to mitigate their ecological footprint and enhance resilience.

A call to action: embedding agroecology and improving animal health and welfare

Transitioning to agroecological livestock systems strengthens food resilience and climate adaptation, ensuring farming operates in harmony with One Health principles. By integrating animals into diversified farming landscapes and prioritising pasture-based systems, we can build resilient food systems, safeguard biodiversity, and reduce reliance on antibiotics. With proper management, these practices improve soil health while simultaneously enhancing animal welfare.

High-welfare livestock systems are essential for future-fit food systems. They:

improve animal health outcomes
reduce reliance on antibiotics
enhance productivity and sustainability
align with growing consumer demand for ethically produced food.

Policies should support accessible veterinary services and enable animals to express natural behaviours by ensuring access to outdoor spaces, enriched environments, and species-appropriate care. This advances both ethical and environmental sustainability.

Additionally, supporting smallholder farmers and indigenous practices fosters inclusive rural development, preserves cultural heritage, and strengthens ecological balance.