While these innovations may reduce dependence on wild-caught forage fish, they do not resolve the fundamental problems of farming high-trophic carnivorous species that require high-quality protein inputs. Moreover, many of these alternatives face significant challenges in terms of scalability and widespread adoption, and several carry their own sustainability trade-offs.

The future of aquaculture must be defined by a decisive transition away from intensive, high-trophic, feed-based systems towards low-trophic, extensive systems focused on filter-feeding or herbivorous organisms. Achieving this will require coordinated national, EU and global policies that embed animal welfare, food security, and ecological integrity at the core of aquaculture development. At EU level, these priorities align closely with the Strategic Guidelines for Sustainable Aquaculture.

Three strategic priorities should be adopted

Shift species portfolios: Phase out the expansion of carnivorous aquaculture reliant on wild-caught forage fish.
Reform aquafeeds: Phase out the use of purpose-caught wild fish, including forage fish, mesopelagic fish, krill, and other species for feed.
Strengthen animal welfare: Ensure that welfare protections are extended across the entire production cycle. New species should only be farmed if their behavioural and physiological needs can be met in captivity.

Only by embracing these changes can aquaculture evolve into a more sustainable food system – one that protects animal welfare, safeguards marine ecosystems, and strengthens global food security.

Executive Summary: The Growing Threat of Carnivorous Aquaculture